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Mineral oil term is used to encompass lubricating base oil derived
from crude oil. The American Petroleum Institute (API) designates
several types of lubricant base oil.
One of the single largest applications for lubricants, in the form
of motor oil, is protecting the internal combustion engines in
motor vehicles and powered equipment.
Typically lubricants contain *0% base oil (most often petroleum
fractions, called mineral oils) and less than *0% additives.
Vegetable oils or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated
polyolefins, esters, silicones,
fluorocarbons and many others are sometimes used as base oils.
Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased viscosity,
improved viscosity index, resistance to corrosion and oxidation,
aging or contamination, In addition to industrial applications,
lubricants are used for many other purposes. Other uses include
cooking (oils and fats in use in frying pans, in baking to prevent
food sticking), bio-medical applications on humans (e.g. lubricants
for artificial joints).
Lubricants are typically used to separate moving parts in a system.
This has the benefit of reducing friction and surface fatigue,
together with reduced heat generation, operating noise and
vibrations. Lubricants achieve this by several ways. The most
common is by forming a physical barrier i.e., a thin layer of
lubricant separates the moving parts. This is analogous to
"hydro-planing", or the loss of friction observed when a car
tire is separated from the road surface by moving through standing
water. This is termed hydrodynamic lubrication. In cases of high
surface pressures or temperatures, the fluid film is much thinner
and some of
the forces are transmitted between the surfaces through.
